{"id":217179,"date":"2017-01-01T07:15:06","date_gmt":"2017-01-01T15:15:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lulus.com\/blog\/?p=217179"},"modified":"2021-04-29T09:40:57","modified_gmt":"2021-04-29T16:40:57","slug":"the-medieval-lifestyle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lulus.com\/blog\/resources\/the-medieval-lifestyle\/","title":{"rendered":"The Medieval Lifestyle: Food, Clothing, Weapons, Medicine and More"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When students think of medieval times, they might first imagine the legends of <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/36462\/36462-h\/36462-h.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. While knights, quests, and codes of honor did play a role in medieval times, also known as the Middle Ages, they occupy only a small and early part of history. Much more beyond legendary British tales remains to learn about this age from more than half a millennium ago.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Food<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today in the West, we have innumerable different foods available to us at our nearby grocery stores, from spices like cinnamon and ginger to fruits like avocados and mangoes. Globalization and improved transportation allow for this variety. In medieval times, however, the difficulty of travel meant that Europeans didn&#8217;t have as much access to these foreign commodities. Medieval diets depended on what the land where you lived could grow as well as on your social standing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among peasants, fresh meat and fish were scarce and expensive. To extend the shelf life of what they had, peasants would heavily salt and season their meat and fish, which both preserved it and masked any taste of spoilage. The same went for fruits and vegetables: Peasants would harvest them and then <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/tudorhistory.org\/topics\/food\/preserve.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pickle, preserve, or dry them for later use<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Dairy formed an important part of the medieval peasant&#8217;s diet, as most families had a cow or two to raise for milk and cheese.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In later years of the Middle Ages, aristocrats and nobles could partake of the luxuries that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.newberry.org\/collections\/the-medieval-spice-trade\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the spice trade<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between European merchants, mainly Italians, and the Middle East brought. Wealth also provided fresh meat and fish for a full and satisfying table. Though a kitchen staple today, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.psu.edu\/mtah\/articles\/flower_of_wheat.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wheat<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was also primarily reserved for wealthier consumers because it was more expensive to grow. Nobility would eat wheat in <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/oakden.co.uk\/manchet-bread-recipe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">manchet bread<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which contrasted with the coarse breads of barley and\/or rye that the peasantry had.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social standing aside, all Europeans in medieval times enjoyed pottage, a thick stew, though the contents of it obviously varied depending on your resources. The &#8220;wealthier&#8221; version of pottage, which would contain meat, was called <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.godecookery.com\/goderec\/grec35.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mortrew<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; the &#8220;poorer&#8221; version, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/medievalcookery.com\/recipes\/frumenty.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">frumentry<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, contained mostly boiled grains.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clothing<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As with what you ate, what you wore also indicated to society <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thefinertimes.com\/Middle-Ages\/fashion-in-the-middle-ages.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where you stood on the social ladder<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www-personal.umd.umich.edu\/~cfinlay\/sumptuary.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sumptuary Laws<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that King Edward III of England passed in the 14th century were partly responsible for this stark division. These laws designated who could wear what and how much.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The lower class depended on four main materials for their clothing: sheep&#8217;s wool, sheepskin, leather, and linen. Women would use these goods to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/rosaliegilbert.com\/fabricsandsewing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">make, line, and reinforce the family&#8217;s wardrobes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Common clothing articles included tunics and stockings. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lulus.com\/categories\/10_863\/outerwear.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outerwear<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> included cloaks, hats, and mittens. For <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lulus.com\/categories\/179\/shoes.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">shoes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, families would purchase a pair from a local cobbler who served the surrounding peasant households and could fashion <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.personal.utulsa.edu\/~marc-carlson\/shoe\/DEV.HTM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a variety of shoe styles<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The upper class displayed their wealth through impractical garb, such as longer tunics, accessories, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bucks-retinue.org.uk\/index.php\/guide-book\/notes-on-making\/medieval-colours\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fabric colored with expensive dyes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Fashions in France, Italy, and Spain, especially those sported by royalty, influenced the clothing of aristocrats. Only the upper class, as well as the powerful members of the Catholic Church, could afford fine <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lulus.com\/categories\/99\/accessories.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">accessories<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/web.ceu.hu\/medstud\/manual\/SRM\/jewel.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">jewelry<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In addition, the wealthy could have their fashions built around the fine fabrics that came along the arduous Silk Road and from lands that Europeans rediscovered following the religious Crusades of the 12th and 13th centuries. The most prized fabric was <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.luigi-bevilacqua.com\/en\/silk-revolution-middle-ages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">silk<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the production of which a Sicilian king discovered during an attack on the eastern Byzantine Empire.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A last group of people whose fashion is worth noting are the monks, those men who devoted themselves to lives of prayer and service to God. Their ascetic and coarse tunics, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lulus.com\/categories\/13_449\/casual-dresses.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">frocks<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and\/or robes reflected the simple lives they chose to lead.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Art in medieval times was primarily religious. You can divide art history during the Middle Ages into three periods: the Byzantine period, the Romanesque period, and the Gothic period.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Byzantine Period<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Byzantine period covers the years 500 to 1000, also called the Dark Ages. During this time, Western Europe produced little culturally, so the mantle passed to Eastern Europe&#8217;s Byzantine Empire.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Just as medieval art can be divided into three times, so can <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/ap-art-history\/early-europe-and-colonial-americas\/medieval-europe-islamic-world\/a\/byzantine-artintro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Byzantine art<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: the First Golden Age, the Second Golden Age, and the Third Golden Age. As the culture changed, the art output also changed, so you can&#8217;t describe one distinct Byzantine art style. A predominant feature in any time, however, were the mosaics. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nga.gov\/features\/byzantine\/mosaic.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mosaics<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> decorated the walls, ceilings, and floors of Byzantine cathedrals. They often used fragile materials and glass cubes called tesserae to convey an ethereal light and reflect the wealth of the Eastern Empire. Notable examples of Byzantine mosaics are found in the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hagia Sophia<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a Greek Orthodox cathedral built-in 537. In addition to the characteristic <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/holytrinityoca.org\/the-meaning-of-the-domes-in-orthodox-church-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greek Orthodox dome<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the Hagia Sophia contains a wealth of stylistic mosaics that depict bodies as flat objects lacking the illusion of depth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mosaics were a type of Eastern Orthodox <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.orthodoxa.org\/GB\/orthodoxy\/iconography\/whatisaniconGB.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">icon<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, an item that represented a religious object, person, or idea. A wave of iconoclasm (&#8220;war on icons,&#8221; a time when the church disputed the use of icons) in the 8th century, unfortunately, caused the destruction of much of these early Byzantine icons.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Romanesque Period<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/toah\/hd\/rmsq\/hd_rmsq.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Romanesque style<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dominated the studios of Western Europe from 1000 to the 12th century. Romanesque art brought together Roman and Byzantine influences to produce massive churches, which the rise in monasticism demanded, and decorative art and sculpture to fill these imposing spaces. Of these, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bxscience.edu\/ourpages\/auto\/2013\/12\/3\/38098772\/ROMANESQUE%20NEW.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">church architecture<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, inspired by the Roman basilica, was the most important aspect of Romanesque art.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theartstory.org\/movement-romanesque-art.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Romanesque churches<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> most resemble the strong and dark churches we imagine when we think of medieval cathedrals. Thick walls, massive pillars and vaults, and small windows made for an imposing and dim atmosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As in the Byzantine period, painting and sculpture focused on religion. In-wall paintings, some characters were drawn out of scale to emphasize their importance. Like in Byzantine portraits, humans were not drawn realistically. The same went for <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sculptures<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; these artists instead took ideas and cast them as patterns that molded to the shape of a surface. For example, in a narrow space, figures would be drawn tall and thin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A final noteworthy art form of the Romanesque period is illuminated manuscripts. Notable among them is <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.getty.edu\/art\/exhibitions\/canterbury\/stalbans.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">St. Alban&#8217;s Psalter<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which has 40 full-page illustrations. In these works, the pages were richly decorated with religious figures and icons.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gothic Period<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Gothic period arose from France in the 12th century and lasted two centuries. Unlike the previous two medieval art periods, Gothic art valued naturalism, which would bridge the gap between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. In addition to improving techniques in Byzantine stained glass and Romanesque illuminated manuscripts, the Gothic period produced many frescoes and panel paintings. A favorite focus was the Madonna, as in Duccio&#8217;s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/kottke.org\/05\/07\/duccios-madonna-and-child\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Madonna and Child<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> .<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/smarthistory.org\/gothic-architecture-an-introduction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">architecture<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the main innovation of the Gothic period was the pointed arch and ribbed vaulting that allowed for lighter structures and more height. Romanesque architects tried this technique in the latter part of that period, but Gothic architects refined it. More windows meant that Gothic cathedrals were much brighter than those from the Byzantine or Romanesque times. In addition to larger windows, impressive stained glass illuminated the halls.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weapons<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under the medieval feudal system, vassals worked on land owned by a lord or monarch, which obligated them to serve their masters in battle. Thus, all men needed to know how to fight. Artifacts reference gunpowder as early as the mid-13th century, but for the most part, weapons requiring gunpowder like cannons were not used. But there was, of course, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medievalcollectibles.com\/c-751-swords-by-name.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the sword<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a favorite of medieval knights. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.military-history.org\/articles\/top-five-medieval-weapons.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other common weapons<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were the lance, a long pole that horsemen used; the mace, an iron club; the bullhook, a farming tool that was developed for combat use; and the halberd, a combination of an ax, hook, and spike. After the Dark Ages ended in the 11th century, the <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyoffighting.com\/archery-in-medieval-england.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bow and arrow<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also gained popularity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medicine<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medieval medicine combined tradition, superstition, and spirituality. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bl.uk\/the-middle-ages\/articles\/medicine-diagnosis-and-treatment-in-the-middle-ages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medical literature<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was scarce, so doctors had little idea how to deal with sickness properly. They based much of their treatment on the works of ancient Greek physicians, who believed that four elements and four humors were at work in the body and you had to balance the humors to achieve optimal health. A go-to cure was <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk\/broughttolife\/techniques\/bloodletting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bloodletting<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The primary patients of the medieval physicians were the rich. For the peasantry, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.abdn.ac.uk\/sll\/disciplines\/english\/lion\/medicine.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">local wise woman<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would prepare concoctions of herbs, roots and other organic matter or people would do it themselves. The result was many <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/medieval\/9-weird-medieval-medicines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">very odd medicines<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as using the slime of a snail to heal burns and treating gout with the salted, baked, and pounded remains of an owl.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Games and Entertainment<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/castle.eiu.edu\/reading\/MEDIEVALGAMES.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">games that people played in the Middle Ages<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were not much different from the games enjoyed today. Children would play hide and seek, tag, and hopscotch. Trade with the East brought chess and playing cards.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inspired by the gladiatorial fights of the Roman Empire, medieval folk used old amphitheaters to pit beast against beast, usually bears or bulls, in <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">baitings<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Armed knights would also compete in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Medieval_Tournament\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tournaments<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Tournaments were the fare of the aristocrats, who used them to celebrate noble lineage and family honor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of musicians, there were minstrels and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/medievaleurope.mrdonn.org\/troubadours.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">troubadours<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who entertained the public with stories, music, and various antics. The nobility also could hire a personal entertainer for their home, called a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/owlcation.com\/humanities\/History-of-the-Medieval-Jester\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">court jester<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The popularity of court jesters died out beginning in the 17th century.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Middle Ages has so much to discover, from weird recipes to bizarre medicines to exciting games. You can learn more about medieval times by playing online games, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cooking a medieval meal<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">building a castle<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.teacherplanet.com\/content\/medieval-times\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">much more<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When students think of medieval times, they might first imagine the legends of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. While knights, quests, and codes of honor did play a role in medieval times, also known as the Middle Ages, they occupy only a small and early part of history. Much more beyond&#8230;  <a class=\"excerpt-read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lulus.com\/blog\/resources\/the-medieval-lifestyle\/\" title=\"Read The Medieval Lifestyle: Food, Clothing, Weapons, Medicine and More\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":228088,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42137],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-217179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-resources"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Medieval Life | Food, Clothing, Weapons, Medicine and More<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There is so much we can learn from the Medieval time period from food habits and clothing styles to weapons and medical practices. 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